Ndondomeko yowunika matekinoloje omwe akutukuka mwachangu komanso ogwirizana nawo: AI, mitundu yayikulu yazilankhulo ndi kupitilira apo.

• Introduction 
• Background 
• Kupanga ndondomeko yowunikira 
• Kugwiritsa ntchito analytical framework 
• Miyezo yoyenera kuganiziridwa powunika ukadaulo watsopano 
• Njira yakutsogolo 
• Zothokoza

Ukadaulo womwe ukubwera mwachangu umapereka zovuta zikafika pakuwongolera kwawo komanso kuwongolera komwe kungachitike. Mfundo ndi mikangano yapagulu pazanzeru zopangapanga (AI) ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwake zapangitsa kuti nkhaniyi ikhale yofunika kwambiri. Ngakhale mfundo zazikulu za AI zalengezedwa ndi UNESCO, OECD ndi ena, ndipo pali zokambirana zaposachedwa zokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe kaukadaulo padziko lonse lapansi, pali kusiyana pakati pa chitukuko cha mfundo zapamwamba ndikuphatikizidwa muzowongolera, mfundo, utsogoleri ndi njira za ukapitawo. Apa ndipamene asayansi omwe si aboma atha kukhala ndi gawo linalake. 

Zaperekedwa ndi akatswiri angapo a maphunziro ndi ndondomeko kuti bungwe la International Science Council (ISC) - ndi mamembala ake ambiri kuchokera ku sayansi ya chikhalidwe ndi zachilengedwe - kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yopangira ndi kusunga ndondomeko / mndandanda wa zoopsa, zopindulitsa, ziwopsezo ndi mwayi wokhudzana ndi matekinoloje a digito omwe akuyenda mwachangu, kuphatikiza - koma osachepera - AI. Cholinga cha mndandandawu chidzakhala kudziwitsa onse omwe akukhudzidwa - kuphatikizapo maboma, okambirana nawo zamalonda, olamulira, mabungwe a anthu ndi makampani - za zochitika zamtsogolo, ndipo adzakonza momwe angaganizire mwayi, ubwino, zoopsa ndi zina. 

Zotulukapo sizingagwire ntchito ngati bungwe lowunika, koma ngati njira yowunikira yosinthika komanso yosinthika yomwe ingathandizire kuwunika kulikonse ndi njira zowongolera zomwe zitha kupangidwa ndi okhudzidwa, kuphatikiza maboma ndi njira zamayiko osiyanasiyana. Dongosolo lililonse lowunikira liyenera kupangidwa mosatengera zomwe boma ndi makampani afuna, poganizira zokonda zawo. Iyeneranso kukhala yochuluka kwambiri pamalingaliro ake, motero ikuphatikiza mbali zonse zaukadaulo ndi zotsatira zake. 

Pepala lokambitsiranali limapereka chiwongolero chachikhazikitso choyambirira chodziwitsa zokambirana zambiri zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zadziko zomwe zikuchitika zokhudzana ndi AI. 

Kuwonekera mwachangu kwaukadaulo wokhala ndi zovuta komanso zovuta za AI kumayambitsa zonena zambiri zopindulitsa kwambiri. Komabe, zimabweretsanso mantha paziwopsezo zazikulu, kuyambira pamunthu mpaka pamlingo wa geo-strategic. Kukambitsirana kwakukulu kumakonda kuchitika kumapeto kwenikweni kwa malingaliro osiyanasiyana, ndipo njira yotsimikizika ndiyofunika. Ukadaulo wa AI upitilizabe kusinthika ndipo mbiri ikuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi ukadaulo uliwonse uli ndi ntchito zabwino komanso zovulaza. Choncho, funso ndilo: tingatani kuti tipeze zotsatira zopindulitsa kuchokera ku teknoloji iyi, pamene timachepetsa chiopsezo cha zotsatira zovulaza, zina zomwe zingakhalepo mu kukula kwake? 

Tsogolo silidziwika nthawi zonse, koma pali mawu okwanira odalirika komanso akatswiri okhudzana ndi AI ndi AI yopangira kulimbikitsa njira yodzitchinjiriza. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yamakina ndiyofunikira, chifukwa AI ndi gulu lamatekinoloje omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mitundu ingapo ya ogwiritsa ntchito. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nkhani yonse iyenera kuganiziridwa poganizira zotsatira za AI kwa anthu, moyo wa anthu, moyo wapachiweniweni, moyo wa anthu komanso zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi. 

Mosiyana ndi matekinoloje am'mbuyomu, matekinoloje a digito ndi okhudzana nawo ali ndi nthawi yochepa kwambiri kuyambira pachitukuko mpaka kumasulidwa, makamaka motsogozedwa ndi zokonda zamakampani kapena mabungwe opanga. AI imafalikira mwachangu; zinthu zina zitha kuwonekera pambuyo pomasulidwa, ndipo ukadaulo ukhoza kukhala ndi ntchito zoyipa komanso zabwino. Miyezo yofunikira imakhudza momwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonse kumaganiziridwa. Kuphatikiza apo, pakhoza kukhala zokonda za geo-strategic pamasewera. 

Mpaka pano, kuwongolera kwaukadaulo wamakono kwawonedwa kwambiri kudzera mu "mfundo" komanso kutsata mwaufulu. Posachedwapa, zokambiranazo zatembenukira ku nkhani za ulamuliro wa dziko ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyendetsera malamulo ndi zina. Zomwe zimapangidwira kapena zotsutsana ndi AI nthawi zambiri zimakhala za hyperbolic ndipo - kupatsidwa chikhalidwe chaukadaulo - zovuta kuziwunika. Kukhazikitsa njira yoyendetsera ukadaulo wapadziko lonse lapansi kapena dziko lonse lapansi kudzakhala kovuta, ndipo zigawo zingapo zopanga zisankho zodziwitsidwa zoopsa zidzafunika panjira, kuyambira kwa woyambitsa mpaka wopanga, wogwiritsa ntchito, boma ndi mayiko ambiri. 

Ngakhale kuti mfundo zapamwamba zalengezedwa ndi UNESCO, OECD ndi European Commission, mwa zina, ndipo zokambirana zosiyanasiyana zapamwamba zili mkati mokhudzana ndi zomwe zingatheke kuwongolera, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mfundo zoterezi ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Kodi ndi malingaliro otani a taxonomy omwe owongolera angafunikire kuwaganizira? Kungoyang'ana pang'onopang'ono sikungakhale kwanzeru, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa matekinoloje awa. Kuthekera kumeneku kwakhala nkhani ya ndemanga zambiri, zabwino ndi zoipa.

ISC ndiye NGO yayikulu padziko lonse lapansi kuphatikiza sayansi yachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kufikira kwake padziko lonse lapansi komanso kulangizidwa kumatanthauza kuti ndi bwino kupanga upangiri wodziyimira pawokha komanso wofunikira padziko lonse lapansi kuti adziwitse zisankho zovuta zomwe zikubwera, makamaka popeza mawu omwe ali m'bwaloli amachokera kumakampani kapena kumphamvu zazikulu zaukadaulo. Kutsatira zokambirana zambiri m'miyezi yaposachedwa, kuphatikizanso kuwunika kowunika kosagwirizana ndi boma, ISC idawona kuti chothandiza kwambiri chikhala kupanga ndi kusunga njira yowunikira yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati maziko a zokambirana ndi kupanga zisankho. onse okhudzidwa, kuphatikizirapo pa nthawi iliyonse yowunika yomwe yachitika. 

Dongosololi likhala ngati mndandanda wazinthu zonse zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mabungwe aboma ndi omwe si aboma. Dongosololi limazindikira ndikuwunika kuthekera kwaukadaulo monga AI ndi zotuluka zake kudzera mu lens lalikulu lomwe limaphatikizapo moyo wa anthu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, komanso zinthu zakunja, monga zachuma, ndale, chilengedwe ndi chitetezo. Zina mwazowunikira zitha kukhala zofunikira kwambiri kuposa zina, kutengera zomwe zikuchitika, koma zosankha zabwino zimakhala zotheka ngati madera onse aganiziridwa. Uwu ndiye phindu lenileni la njira yowunikira. 

Ndondomeko yomwe yaperekedwa idachokera ku ntchito ndi malingaliro am'mbuyomu, kuphatikiza lipoti lazaumoyo la digito la International Network for Governmental Science Advice's (INGSA).¹ ndi OECD AI Classification Framework² kuwonetsa zonse zomwe zingatheke, zoopsa ndi zotsatira za AI. Zogulitsa zam'mbuyozi zinali zoletsedwa kwambiri muzolinga zawo chifukwa cha nthawi ndi zochitika, pakufunika dongosolo lalikulu lomwe limapereka zovuta zonse panthawi yochepa komanso yayitali. 

Pomwe idapangidwa kuti ilingalire za AI, dongosolo lowunikirali litha kugwiritsidwa ntchito paukadaulo uliwonse womwe ukubwera mwachangu. Nkhanizi zagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa kuti apitirize kuunika: 

• Ubwino (kuphatikiza wamunthu kapena wekha, gulu ndi moyo wapagulu, ndi moyo wamba) 
• Zamalonda ndi zachuma 
• Environmental 
• Geo-strategic ndi geopolitical 
• Tekinoloje (mawonekedwe adongosolo, mapangidwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito) 

Mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zili pamwambazi zikuphatikizidwa pamodzi ndi mwayi ndi zotsatira zake. Zina ndizogwirizana ndi zochitika zinazake kapena kugwiritsa ntchito AI pomwe zina ndizosavomerezeka komanso zosavomerezeka papulatifomu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito. Palibe lingaliro limodzi lomwe likuphatikizidwa pano lomwe liyenera kuwonedwa ngati lofunika kwambiri ndipo, motere, zonse ziyenera kufufuzidwa. 

Ndondomekoyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito, koma osati, m'njira zotsatirazi: 

• Kutseka kusiyana pakati pa mfundo ndi kuunika pokhazikitsa ndondomeko yovomerezeka yovomerezeka yamagulu osiyanasiyana omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi okhudzidwa ngati maziko odziwitsa ndi kukonza malingaliro owonjezereka, kuphatikizapo ndondomeko iliyonse yowunikira yomwe ingapangidwe ndi akuluakulu. 

• Kudziwitsa zowunikira. EU AI Act imafuna kuti mabungwe omwe amapereka zida za AI kapena kutengera AI m'njira zawo kuti awonetsere zomwe akuchita kuti azindikire kuopsa kwa zomwe akuchita ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera yoyendetsera ngozi. Ndondomeko yomwe yaperekedwa apa ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati maziko a izi. 

• Kupititsa patsogolo mfundo zamakhalidwe zomwe zimafunikira kuwongolera ndikuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito AI. Chikhazikitsochi chingathe kuchita izi popereka maziko osinthika omwe machitidwe odalirika angapangidwe ndikuwonetsetsa kuti teknoloji ikugwiritsidwa ntchito movomerezeka, mwachilungamo, mwamphamvu komanso moyenera. Mfundozi zikhoza kuyesedwa ndi zotsatira zonse zomwe zaperekedwa mu ndondomekoyi. 
• Kuwongolera kasamalidwe kazinthu zomwe zilipo kale (mwachitsanzo, zowongolera, malamulo, malamulo) ndikuzindikira mipata yomwe ikufunika kuganiziridwanso. 

• Chimangochi ndi agnostic ku teknoloji ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake. Chifukwa chake atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana monga biology yopangira. 

Gome lotsatirali ndikusintha koyambirira kwa makulidwe a analytic framework. Malingana ndi teknoloji ndi ntchito yake, zigawo zina zidzakhala zofunikira kwambiri kuposa zina. Zitsanzo zaperekedwa kuti ziwonetsere chifukwa chake dera lililonse lingakhale lofunikira; m'malo mwake, chiwongolerocho chimafuna kukulitsa koyenera. Ndikofunikiranso kusiyanitsa pakati pa zomwe zikuchitika papulatifomu ndi zovuta zomwe zingawonekere pakagwiritsidwe ntchito kapadera.  

Chofunika ku magwero a zofotokozera

Mawu osamveka:
Gluckman, P. ndi Allen, K. 2018. Kumvetsetsa bwino pakusintha kwa digito ndikusintha kogwirizana. INGSA. https://ingsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/INGSA-Digital-Wellbeing-Sept18.pdf 

Mawu olimba mtima:
OECD. 2022. OECD Framework for Classification of AI systems. OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 323, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://oecd.ai/en/classification 

Mawu a Italic:
Zofotokozera zatsopano (kuchokera kuzinthu zingapo) 

Kutengera ndi yankho ku pepala lokambiranali, gulu logwira ntchito la akatswiri lidzapangidwa ndi ISC kuti ipititse patsogolo kapena kukonzanso ndondomeko yomwe ili pamwambayi yomwe okhudzidwa angayang'ane mwatsatanetsatane zochitika zilizonse zazikuluzikulu za nsanja kapena kukula kwake. Gulu logwira ntchito likhoza kukhala losiyana mwamakhalidwe, malo ndi anthu, ndi ukadaulo woyambira pakuwunika kwaukadaulo kupita ku mfundo zapagulu, kuyambira pachitukuko cha anthu kupita ku maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zam'tsogolo ndiukadaulo. 

Kuti mutenge nawo mbali pa zokambiranazi, chonde pitani Council.science/publications/framework-digital-technologies 

Anthu ambiri adafunsidwa pakupanga pepalali, lomwe linalembedwa ndi Sir Peter Gluckman, Purezidenti, ISC ndi Hema Sridhar, yemwe kale anali Chief Scientist, Ministry of Defense, ndipo tsopano wofufuza wamkulu, University of Auckland, New Zealand. 

Makamaka tikuthokoza Ambuye Martin Rees, Purezidenti wakale wa Royal Society komanso woyambitsa nawo Center for the Study of Existential Risks, University of Cambridge; Pulofesa Shivaji Sondhi, Pulofesa wa Physics, University of Oxford; Pulofesa K Vijay Raghavan, yemwe kale anali mlangizi wamkulu wa sayansi ku Boma la India; Amandeep Singh Gill, nthumwi ya Mlembi Wamkulu wa UN pa Zamakono; Dr Seán Óh Éigeartaigh, Mtsogoleri Wamkulu, Center for the Study of Existential Risks, University of Cambridge; Amanda-June Brawner, Senior Policy Adviser ndi Ian Wiggins, Mtsogoleri wa International Affairs, Royal Society UK; Dr Jerome Duberry, Dr Marie-Laure Salles, Mtsogoleri, Geneva Graduate Institute; A Chor Pharn Lee, Center for Strategic Futures, Ofesi ya Prime Minister, Singapore; Barend Mons ndi Dr Simon Hodson, Komiti ya Data (CoDATA); Prof Yuko Harayama, Japan; Pulofesa Rémi Quirion, Purezidenti, INGSA; Dr Claire Craig, University of Oxford ndi Mtsogoleri wakale wa Kuwona zam'tsogolo, Ofesi ya Boma la Sayansi; ndi Prof Yoshua Bengio, Bungwe la Alangizi a Sayansi la Mlembi Wamkulu wa UN komanso ku Université de Montréal. Njira yowunikirayi idavomerezedwa nthawi zambiri ndipo kutsimikizika kwanthawi zonse ndi ISC kunatsindikitsidwa.