Mndandanda wa Maphunziro Odziwika a ISC-GeoUnions pothandizira Zaka Chikwi Zapadziko Lonse za Sayansi Yokhazikika

10 Seputembala 2024, onani tsamba la chochitika

Nyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi imaphimba 71% yapadziko lapansi ndipo, pafupifupi 4000 m kuya kwapakati, voliyumu yake imayimira zoposa 90% ya malo okhala ndi moyo. Moyo wapamtunda, kuwonjezera apo, umadalira kayendedwe ka madzi kochokera kunyanja, kulumikiza mlengalenga ndi mphamvu za m'nyanja. Chombo chachikulu cha ocean conveyor chimagwirizanitsa nyanja zonse mu dongosolo limodzi lalikulu, loyambitsidwa ndi mapangidwe a ayezi pamitengo, kumene madzi akuya a m'nyanja amapangidwa, kubweretsa mpweya mu nyanja yakuda. Maonekedwe a magombe ndi pansi pa nyanja amatanthauzira malo ogwirizana omwe njira za chilengedwe zimachitika: ma cell a ecosystem amagwira ntchito ndi magawo achilengedwe a kasamalidwe ndi kasamalidwe kamene kamadziwika ndi kulumikizana kwakukulu kwamkati pakati pa zinthu zamoyo kudzera mumitundu itatu ya kusinthasintha. Ntchito za chilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimaphunziridwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zoganizira za biogeochemistry (kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zopanda moyo zomwe zimayenda "kunja") zamoyo (kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zamoyo zomwe zimayenda "mkati" zamoyo kudzera m'mibadwo yotsatizana), ndi ma trophic network. (kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zamoyo zomwe zimayenda kuchokera ku mitundu kupita ku zamoyo). Zosintha zitatuzi zimatsimikizira momwe chilengedwe chimagwirira ntchito ndipo ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa molingana ndi malo komanso kwakanthawi, kuti titha kuyang'anira ntchito zathu molingana ndi chidziwitso chokhazikika cha chilengedwe. Monga nyama zapadziko lapansi, timagwiritsa ntchito kufotokozera za chilengedwe ndi zomera, koma izi sizingatheke m'nyanja: pansi pa nyanja ndi gawo chabe la malo ozungulira nyanja ndipo zambiri za "chilengedwe" zimayimiridwa ndi madzi, kumene zomera zazikulu. palibe. Kuonjezera apo, malo ambiri a m'nyanjayi ali mumdima, ndipo amalamulidwa ndi nyama ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda; mpweya umafika kukuya kudzera m'mafunde otsika komanso ndi mpweya wakuda womwe wapezeka posachedwa. Zambiri zomwe zimapangidwa munyanja zimachokera ku kagayidwe ka photosynthetic microbes (phytoplankton) zomwe sitiziwona. Ndi chakudya cha herbivores chomwe chingakhale benthic kapena planktonic (the herbivorous zooplankton, yomwe imapangidwa ndi crustaceans yaying'ono) yomwe, nawonso, ndi chakudya cha olima maphunziro apamwamba, kuphatikizapo mphutsi za planktonic ndi ana a nsomba zomwe zimakula ndi, achikulire, kuyamba kudya wina ndi mzake ndi kukhala gwero lalikulu chakudya milingo apamwamba trophic, kuchokera shaki kuti mbalame m'madzi ndi zoyamwitsa. Mu mdima palibe opanga oyambirira ndipo maukonde a trophic amakhazikika pakuyenda kosalekeza kwa detritus (chipale chofewa cham'madzi) chomwe chimathandizira odyetsa detritus ndi nyama zodya nyama zomwe zimadya. Mbali izi zimaphunziridwa kwambiri ndi njira zochepetsera zomwe zimachepetsa zovuta za chilengedwe komanso zomwe ziyenera kusonkhanitsidwa kukhala masomphenya amodzi, onse. Njira zosinthira zachilengedwe zomwe zimatsimikizira momwe chilengedwe chimagwirira ntchito komanso kukonza zochita zathu ndikusamalira kuti tisawononge thanzi la dziko lapansi.

Prof Ferdinando Boero
University Federico II, Napoli

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12 Novembala 2024, onani tsamba la chochitika

Microbiome imathandizira kuti chilengedwe chikhale chokhazikika komanso thanzi la anthu kudzera muzochita zovuta pakati pa chilengedwe ndi zamoyo zina zomwe zimakhala mderali. Poganizira kusiyanasiyana ndi ntchito zomwe zimachitika ndi ma ecosystem microbiomes, mu chiwonetserochi, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) idzagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitsanzo pofufuza kulumikizana kwa tizilombo m'chilengedwe chonse. Zapezeka kuti malo onse opangira madzi akumatauni komanso minda yazinyama yayikulu ndizomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwa AMR m'malo. AMR ya anthropogenic ikalowa m'chilengedwe, imatha kufalikira kudzera mukuyenda kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono mkati mwa chilengedwe ndikusamutsidwa kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana pamadera komanso padziko lonse lapansi.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa njira zamaselo amodzi pounika ma insitu a AMR kudzawonetsedwa, makamaka kutsata njira ya "distribution-diffusion-development" (3D) ya mabakiteriya olimbana ndi maantibayotiki (ARB). Kusanja kwa selo limodzi ndi ma metagenomics komwe kumapangitsa kuti zitheke kudziwa "ndani akuchita chiyani ndi momwe" mu ARB yomwe ikugwira ntchito kwambiri, ndikutsata kusinthika kwa thupi la kukana ndikuwunika momwe majini amagwirira ntchito. Mwachidule, AMR mkati mwa chilengedwe itha kuyendetsedwa panjinga pakati pa anthu, nyama, zomera ndi chilengedwe, ndipo One Health framework powunika mayendedwe apang'onopang'ono amayenera kutsatiridwa.

Pulofesa Yongguan ZHU ndi Academician wa Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Fellow TWAS (The World Academy of Sciences), Fellow wa International Science Council (ISC), ndipo ndi Director General wa Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, CAS. Iye wakhala akugwira ntchito zokhudzana ndi thanzi la chilengedwe komanso umoyo wabwino wokhudzana ndi kuipitsa, zachilengedwe za nthaka ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Iye anali membala wa komiti ya sayansi ya pulogalamu ya ISC pa Human Health and Wellbeing in Changing Urban Environment, ndipo ndi membala wa Komiti ya Science Planning ya ISC. Anagwira ntchito kwa zaka zisanu ndi zinayi ngati membala wa Standing Advisory Group for Nuclear Application, International Atomic Energy Agency (2004-2012). Walandira mphoto zambiri zabwino, kuphatikizapo TWAS Award for Agricultural Science 2013, National Natural Science Award 2009 & 2023, International Union of Soil Science von Liebig Award 2022. Amafalitsa kwambiri m'magazini apadziko lonse ndi H-mlozera wa 126 (Web of Science), ndipo wasankhidwa kukhala 2016 Wofufuza wa Sayansi Yapamwamba (2024 Web)

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13 May 2025, onani tsamba la chochitika

Buku latsopano la Prof William Moseley likuwunikira mbiri yachitetezo cha chakudya ndi ntchito zachitukuko zaulimi mu Africa pambuyo pa utsamunda ndikuwonetsa masomphenya a chitukuko chamtsogolo. Mtsutso waukulu wa bukhuli uli ndi magawo atatu. Choyamba, mabungwe achitukuko ndi maboma angoyamba kuthana ndi vuto la kusowa kwa chakudya (SDG2) ku Africa akamakayikira kwambiri zonena kuti kuyang'ana pang'ono paulimi wopangira ndi yankho, lingaliro lomwe lili pakatikati pa sayansi ya mbewu kapena agronomy. Chachiwiri, chitukuko chaulimi chiyenera kuwonedwa ngati choposa choyamba pa chitukuko cha mafakitale, koma ngati moyo wokhazikika womwe uli ndi phindu pawokha. Chachitatu, njira ya kasamalidwe ka zaulimi, pamodzi ndi ulamulilo wabwino, idzalola anthu kukhala ndi mphamvu pa kayendetsedwe ka zakudya, kupanga zakudya zopatsa thanzi, komanso kupititsa patsogolo mwayi wopeza chakudya kwa osauka kwambiri. Kutsatira mawu oyamba otsindika za kachulukidwe kachuma ndi ndale, Moseley akuwunikanso zachitetezo cha chakudya komanso chitukuko chaulimi m'maiko anayi komwe adachita kafukufuku: Mali, Burkina Faso, South Africa ndi Botswana. Kenako amayang'ana zomwe zachita bwino m'maiko onse omwe tawatchulawa ndikuwonetsa njira zamtsogolo zomwe zimatsindika zaulimi, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za chilengedwe pazaulimi. Amamaliza ndi malingaliro ena okhudza mabungwe omwe ali m'mayiko, madera ndi mayiko. Kuti apange njira zokhazikika zazakudya komanso chitukuko chamtundu wina, mabungwe atsopano adzafunika kukhazikitsidwa omwe amathandizira agroecology ndi kumidzi komwe kukuyenda bwino.

Pulofesa William G. Moseley ndi maphunziro ophunzitsa za chilengedwe ndi chitukuko cha anthu pa: chiyambi cha geography yaumunthu; anthu, ulimi ndi chilengedwe; Africa; chitukuko ndi kuchepa; ndi semina yapamwamba yokhudzana ndi maphunziro a chilengedwe ndi chitukuko. M'maphunziro ake ambiri amayesa kukwaniritsa zolinga zitatu: 1) kukulitsa luso la ophunzira monga oganiza mozama powerenga, kukambirana ndi kulemba; 2) kulimbikitsa kuganiza ndi kusanthula malo powunika mosamalitsa momwe malo amagwirira ntchito, kuyanjana kwachilengedwe ndi anthu, ndi kulumikizana pakati pa malo ndi zigawo; ndi 3) kulimbikitsa chidwi chomvetsetsa dziko lapansi. Amakhudzidwa makamaka kuti ophunzira ake adziwonetsera malingaliro osiyanasiyana pa nkhani iliyonse, kuti aphunzire kusanthula ndi kukonza malingaliro awa, ndipo amapita kukafunsa mafunso ofunika ndikumanga mfundo zogwira mtima zawo.

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