"Simungangolowetsamo zongowonjezera ndikuzitcha yankho lokhazikika"

Zotsatira mwachidule

• Pulojekitiyi inagwiritsa ntchito njira zofananira komanso zogawana nawo kuti awone momwe zochitika zamagulu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zimakhudzira masomphenya a kusintha kuti akhale okhazikika.
• Kuwunika kwa njira zaku US, India ndi Germany kudawonetsa kuti njira zamoyo ndi chikhalidwe cha zokambirana za ndale ndizofunikira kwambiri ngati, bwanji, ndi pati pomwe njira yosinthira ingachitike ndikuzindikirika ngati choncho.
• Ntchitoyi imathandizira pa kafukufuku ndi maphunziro polimbikitsa mafananidwe a North-South cross-temporal ndi kafukufuku wophatikizika pazachikhalidwe ndi zinthu zakusintha.
• Ntchitoyi idakhudzanso kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana aboma komanso ochita nawo maphunziro, motero yathandiza kulumikizana kwamayiko ambiri pamalingaliro a T2S.
• Mwachitsanzo, misonkhano ku India, inathandiza nzika za m'deralo, zomwe poyamba zinkakhala zopanda mawu komanso zopanda chidziwitso pa ndondomeko, kuti zifotokoze maganizo awo ndi malingaliro awo okhudza kusintha kosatha m'madera awo.

Ku India, mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi makampani omwe akukula mofulumira: dzikolo linayika mbiri ya gwero lamagetsi ongowonjezwdwanso mu 2022. Popeza kuti 70% ya mphamvu zaku India pakali pano zimachokera ku malasha, zomwe poyamba zingamveke ngati nkhani yabwino kwa iwo omwe akukhudzidwa ndi nyengo. kusintha.

Koma njira yokhazikitsira magetsi akuluakulu a dzuwa yakhala yovuta komanso yovuta kwa anthu ambiri komanso ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amachitidwa mopanda demokalase komanso kuwononga chilengedwe. M'mudzi wa Mikir Bamuni Grant ku Assam, mwachitsanzo, malo achonde a paddy anali kutengedwa mokakamiza kwa alimi ndi kampani yotsitsimutsa mu 2021 kuti akhazikitse malo opangira magetsi adzuwa. Kulandidwa kwa nthaka ndi kuchotsedwako kunathandizidwa ndi apolisi a m'deralo ndi akuluakulu a boma; anthu a m’mudzi amene anakana anamangidwa ndi kutsekeredwa m’ndende. Mu mayiko ena monga Karnataka, alimi abwereketsa malo awo kwanthawi yochepa kwa makampani opangira magetsi oyendera dzuwa, kenako adapeza malowo atachotsedwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana komanso zachilengedwe: motero, kuwononga kuthekera kwake kopanga chakudya m'tsogolomu. Maderawa alibe luso losinthira kuzinthu zina zamoyo, ndipo malo osungira dzuwa apereka ntchito zochepa kwa anthu amderalo.

"Pali lingaliro loti mutha kungotenga zongowonjezera, ndikuziyika m'malo oyipitsa, magwero otulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, ndipo ndife omasuka kunyumba," atero Sheila Jasanoff, Pulofesa wa Pforzheimer wa Science and Technology Studies ku Harvard University. - ndi wofufuza wamkulu mu ntchito yomwe yatsirizidwa posachedwapa yazaka zitatu yothandizidwa ndi pulogalamu ya Transformation to Sustainability (T2S) ya Belmont Forum, NORFACE network, ndi International Science Council, yotchedwa Governance of Sociotechnical Transformations (GoST), yomwe ofufuza ku Germany, India, Kenya, UK, ndi USA adaphunzira ndale zakusintha kuti zikhale zokhazikika m'magawo atatu - mphamvu, chakudya, ndi mizinda. "Koma mukukamba za matekinoloje omwe ali ndi tanthauzo lakuya mpaka kumanda: mutha kupanga ma solar solar, koma muwayeretsa bwanji? Kodi muthana nazo bwanji ndi kutha kwawo komanso kutayidwa komaliza? Mafunso awa - omwe amadziwika bwino kwa akatswiri azachilengedwe - sanafunsidwe mwadongosolo pankhani ya kusintha ndi kusintha. "

Kupitilira techno-fixes: kukulitsa munda

Nkhani yoyendera dzuwa ndi imodzi mwazovuta zazikulu: chizolowezi pakati pa opanga zisankho kuganiza zosintha kuti zikhale zokhazikika ngati njira zaukadaulo - mosasamala zandale, zachuma, chikhalidwe, komanso nzeru. "Tonse tikudziwa kuti zovuta zokhazikika, kaya ndi zandale kapena za chilengedwe, ndizovuta kwambiri komanso zosatsimikizika," adatero Andy Stirling, pulofesa wa sayansi ndiukadaulo ku yunivesite ya Sussex komanso wofufuza wina wamkulu wa GoST. “Akadapanda kutero, tikadafikako kalekale. Ndipo komabe pali kukakamizidwa koteroko kunamizira kuti kukhazikika ndi chinthu chimodzi, chosavuta, chaukadaulo. ”

Ndizomveka zokopa chidwi. Kusintha kotsogozedwa ndi ukadaulo kuti kukhazikike kumatha kuganiziridwa mosavuta pamasikelo angapo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zasayansi zotsatsira, ndipo akuwoneka kuti sakufuna kwambiri anthu kuti asinthe moyo wawo (monga kuwuluka pang'ono kapena kudya nyama yochepa). "Atha kulumikizidwa m'chilankhulo chosalowerera ndale, ngati kuli kofunikira komanso kosapeweka, chifukwa chake sizingatheke kutsutsana nawo, ndikukhala ndi malonjezo a tsogolo labwino komanso lotukuka, monga mphamvu zambiri (mphamvu), kuyenda (mizinda yanzeru), kapena zokolola (zaulimi)," atero a Silke Beck, mtsogoleri wa polojekiti komanso Pulofesa wa Sociology of Science and Technology ku TU Munich. Ntchito ya GoST, komabe, idawunikira bwino kuti kusintha kotereku sikulowerera ndale.

Mwachitsanzo, ofufuzawo adapeza poyerekezera kwanthawi yayitali padziko lonse lapansi kuti zomwe zimatchedwa 'kutsitsimuka kwa nyukiliya', zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ngati njira yomveka bwino pazochitika zanyengo, sizikupanga nzeru chifukwa cha ndalama zomwe sizikuyenda bwino, nthawi zomanga, ndi zina zogwirira ntchito, poyerekeza ndi zina zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera. M'malo mwake, monga momwe GoST inasonyezera kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mabuku owunikiridwa ndi anzawo, "mphamvu zenizeni zoyendetsa galimoto zilidi zankhondo - makamaka, zokakamiza m'mayiko [ena] okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya kuti apitirize kukhala ndi luso la mafakitale kuti apange ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya. - sitima zapamadzi zoyendetsedwa." Kuposa kulingalira za mphamvu kapena nyengo, zomwe zikuoneka kuti zikugwira ntchito pano ndi kukopa kwautsamunda komwe kumaperekedwa ndi zida za nyukiliya kukhala "mpando wapadziko lonse lapansi".

Chithunzi: ku 1559kip.

Njira ya GoST: malingaliro osinthika

Poganizira zoperewera za nkhani zazikulu za T2S, polojekiti ya GoST idayang'ana mutuwo mosiyana. Ntchitoyi idaseketsa njira zina zomwe anthu amapangira masomphenya awo a tsogolo lokhazikika, ndikuwunika ngati njira zosiyanasiyana zochitira izi zingathandize kuti akwaniritse kusintha kuti akhale okhazikika. Tikuyembekeza kuti chidziwitsochi tsopano chingathandize opanga ndondomeko kuti apange njira zogwirira ntchito komanso zofanana zoyendetsera kusintha kuti zikhale zokhazikika. Pulojekitiyi idagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko ya 'socio-technical imaginaries' (STI) kuti iwonetse kukula ndi kusakhalitsa kwa masinthidwe kuti akhazikike ndikuwulula nkhani zokhudzana ndi ulamuliro. Zinagwira ntchito kuchokera ku lingaliro la 'co-productionist' lomwe limaganizira momwe chidziwitso chimapangidwira palimodzi pakati pa sayansi, ukadaulo ndi ndale, ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira kuthandiza ofufuza kumvetsetsa momwe ndi chifukwa chake nkhani zimafunikira pakusintha kukhala kukhazikika.

"Timayang'ana lingaliro la kusinthika ngati zomwe zimatchedwa 'zongopeka': ndiko kuti, masomphenya omwe ali pamodzi a momwe tsogolo lingawonekere," adatero Jasanoff. “Njira imene gulu lirilonse limalingalira za tsogolo lake, kuphatikizapo tsogolo lake la chilengedwe, zakhazikika pa kumvetsa kozama kwambiri kwa chikhalidwe: chimene ulamuliro umatanthauza; boma ndi chiyani; chikuchita chiyani; zikugwirizana bwanji ndi anthu; ndipo udindo wake ndi wotani?" Monga gawo la kafukufuku, ogwira nawo ntchito adachita nawo zokambirana m'mayiko asanu a polojekiti, kumene ogwira nawo ntchito - kuphatikizapo akuluakulu a boma, madera omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa teknoloji, NGOs, media, komanso akatswiri m'madera osiyanasiyana a kafukufuku - adaitanidwa. kupeza ndi kugawana masomphenya awo a tsogolo lokhazikika ndi lolungama ndi njira zowakwaniritsira.

Maphunzirowa anali okhudza kuchitapo kanthu: "Sizinali kungopereka chidziwitso [koma] pakupanga kusintha kwenikweni m'magawo osiyanasiyana," atero a Joel Onyango, CEO wa African Researchers Consortium ndi mnzake waku Kenya pa kafukufukuyu. . "Chifukwa chake kutha kuyitanitsa misonkhano ... kumatanthauzanso kuti tikupanganso mwayi kwa omwe akukhudzidwa kuti agwire ntchito limodzi, komanso kuphunzira malingaliro osiyanasiyana ndi chitukuko."

Mliri wa COVID-19 udapanga mtundu wa kuyesa kosayembekezereka, kulola gulu lofufuza la GoST kuti liwone munthawi yeniyeni nkhani zambiri zaulamuliro zomwe zili pachiwopsezo pakusintha kokhazikika. Mliriwu utayamba, maboma padziko lonse lapansi adakhazikitsa mwachangu njira zingapo zomwe olimbikitsa zachilengedwe akhala akulimbikitsa kwazaka zambiri, monga zoletsa kuyenda, zoletsa kuyenda pandege komanso kukakamiza kudalira zakudya zakomweko. Kutsatira kwapang'onopang'ono ndi - komanso mikangano - izi m'maiko omwe adaphunzira zikuwonetsa kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa mgwirizano wa nzika ndi kuthekera kwa boma kukhazikitsa ndikukhazikitsa zoletsa.

Nthawi zambiri, anthu amavomereza ngakhale zosokoneza kwambiri popanda kudandaula pang'ono m'mayiko kapena mayiko omwe mgwirizano, kapena mgwirizano unali wamphamvu kale - monga ku Germany, adatero Beck yemwe anali kutsogolera maphunziro a Germany. Mlandu waku US, komabe, ukuwonetsa kulimba kwa kutsutsa kwakusintha kwa moyo wawo m'madera ambiri a dzikolo, komanso kupitiliza kukana kufulumira kwavuto lazaumoyo ndi asayansi omwe amawonedwa (monga momwe amachitiranso nyengo) akutumikira. ndondomeko ya ndale yomasuka kapena yopita patsogolo, yolumikizidwa ndi kulowererapo kwa boma kuposa momwe anthu ambiri aku America alili okonzeka kulekerera.

Mawuwo

Ofufuzawa adatsimikiza kuti kusintha kuti kukhazikike kudzafuna njira zambiri zademokalase, zotenga nawo mbali komanso zotseguka komanso kupanga zisankho pagulu pazikhalidwe, zikhalidwe ndi tsogolo lofunidwa, kuposa momwe ziliri pano m'malo omwe aphunziridwa. "Sayansi ndiukadaulo ndizofunikira kwambiri, koma ndizofunikira komanso sizokwanira," adatero Stirling. "Ngati tifuna kukhala ndi anthu okhazikika pankhani ya chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kuteteza chilengedwe, ndiye kuti tifunika kusamala kwambiri zandale - ndikukhala demokalase."

Izi zikutanthauza kuti kusintha kwa kafukufuku wokhazikika, kupanga chidziwitso, ndi maphunziro osinthika sayenera kuwonedwa ngati zida zosinthira khalidwe la munthu payekha ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti akwaniritse zolinga zomwe zafotokozedwa kale monga th.e Paris Agreement kapena Sustainable Development Goals. M'malo mwake, akutero Beck, kusintha kwa kukhazikika kuyenera kukonzedwanso ngati malo omwe atha kukhala ndi mikangano kuti athe kulimbana ndi chitukuko chokhazikika kuti tiyang'ane ndikukambirana wina ndi mnzake. Kulingaliranso zakusintha kuti kukhazikike kumafunanso kuitana anthu ambiri ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi (kupitilira akatswiri aukadaulo) kuti aganizire zam'tsogolo zabwino ndikupanga njira ndi zosankha kuti akwaniritse.

"Zina mwa izi zagona pakuwona mapulojekiti ngati athu osati ngati maphunziro a maphunziro, kapena ngati 'kafukufuku wamagulu', koma ngati zolimbikitsa," adatero Stirling. “Ndipo izi sizikutanthauza kupita kumalo enaake ndi kukanena nkhani ya kusintha kwa malowo. Zimatanthauza kuona kafukufuku ngati mbali ya gulu la anthu, osati monga momwe asayansi akupanga chidziwitso. "

"Udindo wamalingaliro ndiwofunika kwambiri pamalamulo a anthu," adatero Jasanoff. "Ndipo zakhazikika mwa ife tonse, kuthekera kolingalira zomwe zingakhale tsogolo labwino." Kulingalira kumeneku sikuyenera kuyikidwa pamalingaliro akukula ndi kupita patsogolo kwa mzere, koma kukhazikika pamafunso okhudza "momwe angakhalire ndi chilungamo chokwanira momwe zinthu zimagawidwira - osati kungokwanira kapena kukwanira kwa katunduyo," adatero.