Chigawochi ndi gawo la mndandanda wamabulogu omwe mamembala a ISC's Komiti ya Ufulu ndi Udindo mu Sayansi (CFRS) amagawana malingaliro awo pa Khulupirirani Sayansi ya Policy Nexus lipoti, lotulutsidwa pambuyo pa msonkhano womwe unakonzedwa ndi International Science Council (ISC) ndi European Commission's Joint Research Center, mothandizidwa ndi US National Science Foundation.
Msonkhanowu udabweretsa akatswiri kuti afufuze zovuta za kudalira kwasayansi pakupanga mfundo ndikuganizira funso lalikulu: ndi pamlingo wotani kukhulupirira sayansi kuti mfundo zake zisiyanitsidwe ndi mafunso ambiri odalira mabungwe ademokalase?
Ponena za wolemba: Heather Douglas ndi katswiri wa sayansi ndi kafukufuku wamkulu Fellow ku Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science ku London School of Economics. Iyenso ndi membala wa Komiti ya ISC ya Ufulu ndi Udindo mu Sayansi.
Lipoti laposachedwa la ISC lokhudza kudalira sayansi pa mfundo liyenera kuyamikiridwa chifukwa cha njira yake yolunjika komanso yosamala yothanirana ndi mavuto ovuta omwe ali pakati pa sayansi ndi mfundo. Ndemanga iyi ikufotokoza mitu ya mfundo za sayansi ndi maziko okhulupirira sayansi kwa nzika.
Choyamba, tiyenera kukonza momwe timamvetsetsera udindo wa makhalidwe abwino ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu polimbikitsa chidaliro cha anthu pa sayansi pa mfundo. Makhalidwe abwino ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndizofunikira kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka sayansi koyenera komanso koyankha (monga kutsogolera chidwi cha sayansi ku mavuto a anthu, pakupanga njira zovomerezeka zamakhalidwe abwino, komanso posankha nthawi yomwe umboni uli wokwanira pofalitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha sayansi). Izi zikutanthauza kuti gawo la kudalira sayansi ndikukhulupirira zigamulo za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi makhalidwe abwino zomwe zimapangidwa pofunafuna sayansi. Asayansi akhoza ndipo ayenera kukhala omasuka za zigamulo zamtengo wapatali zomwe zimapanga (ngakhale osatsimikiza) ntchito yawo. Umboni ukusonyeza kuti izi sizingawononge chidaliro cha anthu (Hicks ndi Lobato, 2022). M'malo mwake, mwina zingachititse kuti ntchito ya sayansi ikhale yaumunthu.
Kuti nzika zisankhe ngati, komanso kuchuluka kwake, ziyenera kudalira sayansi, zikufunikira mabungwe odalirika asayansi ndi asayansi odalirika. Gawo la kulephera kwa maphunziro a sayansi omwe alipo pano ndikuti amayang'ana kwambiri zotsatira za sayansi yakale osati mokwanira pa njira zomwe zidabweretsa zotsatirazo. Mkangano wofunikira womwe ukupitilira mu sayansi, kufunika kwa umboni ndi njira mu zokambiranazo, komanso njira zotseguka zothetsera mavuto ndizofunikira kwambiri pa kudalirika—ndipo motero kudalirika—kwa zomwe zapezeka mu sayansi. Maphunziro a sayansi ayenera kuyang'ana kwambiri mbali izi za machitidwe asayansi kuti nzika zidziwe zomwe ziyenera kuyang'ana posankha ngati gulu la asayansi ndi lodalirika. Mwanjira yabwino, maphunziro a sayansi amalola ophunzira kuchita kafukufuku weniweni wa sayansi kuti awathandize kumvetsetsa bwino njirayo (monga momwe zingachitikire ngakhale ophunzira a giredi yachiwiri).
Kumvetsetsa kotereku kwa machitidwe asayansi—kutenga nawo mbali ndi kukambirana komwe kumafunika—kungathandize kupanga kudzichepetsa kofunikira kuti munthu achepetse chibadwa chake chofuna “kuchita kafukufuku wakewake”. N’zosatheka kuti nzika zambiri zizichita nawo madera otsutsa ndi kukambirana m’njira yokhazikika yofunikira pa ukatswiri wa sayansi. Asayansi odalirika amachita nawo madera otsutsana ammudzi, ndipo madera otere ayenera kuwonetsedwa momwe angathere kuti asonyeze kudalirika. Mabungwe ndi madera odalirika asayansi ndi omwe amathandizira machitidwe otsutsana otere ndikuletsa kuyankha kodzidzimutsa kutsutsa kuchita 'ngati chisa cha nyerere ndi wolowerera' (tsamba 20). Kutsutsa kumafuna yankho lomveka bwino, osati njira zodzitetezera.
Kuwonjezera pa kuthandizira ndi kuwonetsa mkangano wofunikira pakupanga chidziwitso chabwino cha sayansi, madera ndi mabungwe asayansi ayenera kukhala otseguka kwa anthu osiyanasiyana ndi malingaliro kuti pakhale mwayi waukulu wa zofunikira zomwe zimafunika kuti ukatswiri woyankha uyimire mkangano wa sayansi (tsamba 32). Mwachiyembekezo, aliyense wa ife ayenera kudalira akatswiri omwe amapanga zigamulo zomwe tikanakhala nazo tikanakhala ndi ukatswiri wawo. Kuwonetsa makhalidwe omwe ali mbali ya sayansi ndi mkangano womwe uli pakati pa sayansi kumapereka maziko abwino okhulupirira anthu.
Komabe, chofunika kwambiri ndi kuteteza sayansi ku mphamvu zandale. Andale odzipereka ku malingaliro enaake sayenera kunyalanyaza zomwe asayansi apeza mu malipoti a uphungu. 'Umboni wozikidwa pa mfundo', posokoneza kumvetsetsa kolondola, umawononga kwambiri chidaliro cha anthu. Ngakhale alangizi a sayansi ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti uphungu wawo ndi wofunikira kwa ochita nawo ndale omwe akuwalangiza, sizikutanthauza kuti akupereka uphungu wolondola komanso wokhawo womwe alangizi akufuna. Ndi chifukwa chake alangizi a sayansi amafunikira ufulu wodziyimira pawokha kwa alangizi awo.
Sayansi siyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chophimba pa zisankho zandale. Ngati tizindikira kulakwitsa kwa sayansi ndi kufunika kwa mfundo zofunika pakupanga sayansi, chidziwitso cha sayansi sichimapangidwa kuchokera ku zonena zoona zosasinthika. M'malo mwake, sayansi ya mfundo iyenera kukhala chidziwitso chathu chabwino kwambiri panthawiyo—zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zitha kutsutsidwa ndi zomwe zapezeka mtsogolo, mwina sizinaphatikizepo mbali zofunika za vuto (nkhani yokonza), ndipo siziyenera kukhala zomwe zimapangitsa zisankho zandale, monga momwe lipotilo limanenera. Andale ayenera kumvera upangiriwo koma adzipangirabe zisankho zawo, zomwe adzayang'aniridwa ndi ndale. Kubisala kumbuyo kwa sayansi—kaya sayansi yomwe ndi yolondola poganizira malingaliro a anthu asayansi kapena sayansi yomwe imapangidwira kuti ithandizire cholinga china—kuyenera kukhala kokayikitsa nthawi zonse.
Chomwe chingakhale chabwino kuti nzika izidalira ndi sayansi yomwe imachokera ku mgwirizano wopangidwa bwino (pambuyo pa mkangano wautali pakati pa malingaliro ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana asayansi). Mgwirizano woterewu uyeneranso kukopa chiweruzo cha akatswiri chozikidwa pa mfundo za nzika, motero ukhale wodalirika mokwanira—ngakhale utakhala wolakwika. Ungakhale wabwino kwambiri womwe tili nawo panthawiyo.
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Zambiri, malingaliro ndi malingaliro omwe amaperekedwa m'mabulogu athu a alendo ndi omwe amathandizira aliyense payekhapayekha, ndipo sizikuwonetsa zikhulupiriro ndi zikhulupiriro za International Science Council.
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